The main economic challenge of LONG-TERM CONTRACTS for the sale of natural GAS through the pipeline is the pricing of the GAS in the contract. Considering the impact of market developments on natural GAS pricing in LONG-TERM CONTRACTS, the economic pathology of natural GAS sales CONTRACTS and providing suggestions to reduce this damage become important. In LONG-TERM CONTRACTS, the price of GAS is deTERMined based on the price of alternative energies. This type of pricing means that the price of GAS is not deTERMined in real TERMs and subsequently it will require a lot of negotiations and transaction costs. This fact, which is not in any way favorable to the economic character of the parties, leads to the fact that the pricing is repeatedly subjected to price revision arbitrations. In order to avoid the above economic risks and create transparency in the GAS market pricing system, it is better to conclude natural GAS sales CONTRACTS in the form of spot and short-TERM CONTRACTS. In addition, the restructuring of the energy exchange and the launch of the GAS market can help to establish transparency in the market.

Introduction: Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME) is a generalized epileptic syndrome. Age of onset is usually between 12 to 18 years. JME consists of myoclonic jerks, generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCs) and typical absence attacks. EEG shows characteristic changes in JME. LONG TERM video-electroencephalography monitoring (VEM) is a helpful diagnostic procedure in the diagnosis of patient with unclear history or EEG findings. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the role of VEM in diagnosis of refractory epileptic patients.Materials and Methods: This study is retrospective and descriptive on patients of Epilepsy Monitoring Unit of Razavi Hospital, Mashhad, Iran between March 2011 and March 2012. Telephone interview was scheduled 6-18 months after discharge to evaluate results of VEM on the frequency of seizures, the therapeutic regimes and patients’ quality of life.Results: 24 cases with diagnosis of JME were chosen among 250 patients who were admitted with refractory epilepsy. Fourteen of them were female. The average age of patients was 24 years old and the average duration of the seizure attacks was 12.97 years. The mean frequency of GTCs was 2.76 attacks per month and after VEM and proper treatment, it decreased to 0.27 attacks per month.Conclusion: VEM is a helpful diagnostic procedure for evaluating of refractory JME epileptic patients.

The European Commission and Algeria, on 11th July, announced that they had reached an agreement based on the Sonatrach's concession to delete the destination clause from all Algeria's existing LNG CONTRACTS with the European buyers so such LNG CONTRACTS would not include similar clauses in the future. The destination clause assures sellers that the buyers could not resale the purchased cargo in elsewhere in seller's market territory and provides circumstances that sellers could benefit from market division and price discrimination. Therefore deletion of destination clause from LNG CONTRACTS could affect seller's profit function. This study shows that inclusion of destination clause in LNG CONTRACTS with Asian countries has considerable impact on the seller's profit function since these countries enjoy a different energy consumption model. But for European countries, because of deregulation and liberalization of markets leading to a more competitive, comparable and homogenous market structure, applying or deletion of the destination clause would not affect seller's profit function. The analysis shows that the producers would profit from price discrimination if transport costs or demand elasticity in the regions are asymmetric.

One of the important issues in the production of concrete is environmental variability that affects the concrete and elements constructed from this material. Due to the importance of different characteristics of concrete in short- and LONG-TERM conditions, this article aims to investigate the influence of initial temperature conditions of self-compacting concrete on its LONG-TERM characteristics and deTERMine the initial optimal temperature of concrete. For these purposes, several experiments under three temperature conditions of 5, 20, and 40 degree-of-Celsius were conducted to evaluate the rheology and mechanical properties of fresh concrete in the range of 7 and 28 days. In these experiments, alternative mineral admixtures of cement such as micro-silica, fly ash, and zeolite were used to build the concrete specimens. Results demonstrate that the mechanical properties of the specimens increase with increasing initial temperature in the short TERM, while such properties significantly decrease in the LONG TERM compared to the specimens constructed under lower initial temperature. Moreover, the fluidity of self-compacting concrete increases with increasing initial temperature.

During the Iraq-Iran war of 1980 -1988, the most commonly used chemical warfare agents (CWA) were nerve agents and sulfur mustard GAS (SM). SM was used frequently as a chemical weapon by Iraq during the war against Iran, and had deleterious effects on Iranian military troops and the unprotected inhabitants of Sardasht, Iran and Halabche, Iraq. In this report, we review the scientific literature to develop an understanding of the health consequences that victims from both countries experienced as a result of exposure to SM. Currently, 45 000 Iranians are suffering from the LONG-TERM effects of mustard GAS, which includes cutaneous, respiratory, cardiovascular, neuromuscular and ocular complications. Because many of the health consequences associated with SM exposure have a late onset, and because these effects can drastically reduce quality of life, it may be necessary to instruct military experts to equip and train local chemical and biological response teams in order to establish strategies for inhibiting the production and use of chemical weapons. In addition, it is highly recommended that any remaining chemical weapons existing around the world are safely destroyed.

LONG- TERM CONTRACTS as a main tool,in order to mitigate the natural GAS market risks, and transaction costs, has been employed. The LONG- TERM CONTRACTS are those CONTRACTS which last for more than at least five years and in some cases it lasts for thirteen years. Such a LONG run CONTRACTS have been using in two sections including sales CONTRACTS and transportation CONTRACTS. On the one hand, these CONTRACTS are in essence complex and on the other hand, the LONG- TERM CONTRACTS which are employed as a tool of risk allocation. In this article principal CONTRACTS indeed sale CONTRACTS and transportation CONTRACTS being discussed from CONTRACTS theory point of view and risk allocation in order to introduce the efficient model for GAS exporting GAS from Iran to the Eu.

Maintaining network stability and encouraging generation companies to involve in stability maintaining are major concerns of independent system operator (ISO) in deregulated power system. Excitation system of synchronous generators is effective and well-known equipment which has a significant effect on network stability. Therefore, improving performance of this system can enhance network stability. But utilizing of the methods, which improve performance of excitation system, imposes cost on generation companies. This paper proposes a motivation mechanism for enhancing transient stability which encourages generation companies to improve performance of excitation system. In this mechanism beside excitation system response improving methods, a transient stability constrained optimal power flow is solved in order to ensure maintaining transient stability in different contingencies. A 4-buses test system, the IEEE 14-buses test system, and the IEEE 118-buses test system are used to illustrate effectiveness of the proposed mechanism. Implementation results show that the proposed mechanism not only provides required transient stability margin with minimum operation cost, but also does not restrict generators production capability.